PBDB Collection

Clark's Cave (Pleistocene of the United States)

Where: Bath County, Virginia (38.1° N, 79.7° W: paleocoordinates 38.1° N, 79.7° W)

• coordinate stated in text

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Late/Upper Pleistocene (0.1 - 0.0 Ma)

Environment/lithology: cave; unlithified breccia

• organic material between talus blocks

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Preservation: original aragonite, original calcite, original phosphate, original chitin, bone collector

Collection methods: bulk, surface (in situ), mechanical, sieve,

Primary reference: J. E. Guilday, P. W. Parmalee, and H. W. Hamilton. 1977. The Clark's Cave bone deposit and the Late Pleistocene paleoecology of the central Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 2:1-87 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Uhen]more details

Purpose of describing collection: paleoecologic analysis

PaleoDB collection 103991: authorized by Mark Uhen, entered by Mark Uhen on 04.02.2011

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• Hubbard and Grady added by Carrie for Bio 334

Show authors, comments, and common names

unclassified
-	Phytolacca decandra, Calasoma sp., Balbocerosoma sp., Columella simplex, Stenotrema hirsutum, Stenotrema fraternum, Spirodon carinata, Nocomis cf. raneyi, Noturus sp. Phytolacca decandra Calasoma sp. Balbocerosoma sp. Columella simplex Stenotrema hirsutum Stenotrema fraternum Spirodon carinata Nocomis cf. raneyi Noturus sp.
Angiospermae
Cornales - Nyssaceae	Nyssa sylavtica Nyssa sylavtica tupelo
Rosales - Ulmaceae	Celtis occidentalis Celtis occidentalis hackberry
Fagales - Juglandaceae	Carya sp. Carya sp. Nuttall 1818 hickory
Fagales - Fagaceae	Quercus sp. Quercus sp. Linnaeus 1753 oak
Vitales - Vitaceae	Vitis sp. Vitis sp. Linnaeus 1753 grapevine
Pinopsida
Pinales - Pinaceae	Tsuga cf. canadensis Tsuga cf. canadensis

Coniferales - Cupressaceae	Thuja occidentalis Thuja occidentalis Linnaeus 1753 cypress
Gastropoda
-	Gastropoda contracta Gastropoda contracta snail
Pulmonata - Discidae	Discus catskillensis, Anguispira alternata Discus catskillensis disk snail Anguispira alternata pulmonate
Stylommatophora - Vertiginidae	Vertigo tridentata, Vertigo gouldi Vertigo tridentata slug Vertigo gouldi slug
Stylommatophora - Strobilopsidae	Strobilops labyrinthica Strobilops labyrinthica slug
Stylommatophora - Gastrocoptidae	Gastrocopta armifera Gastrocopta armifera slug
Stylommatophora - Valloniidae	Vallonia costata Vallonia costata slug
Stylommatophora - Helicodiscidae	Helicodiscus parallelus, Helicodiscus inermis, Helicodiscus jacksoni Helicodiscus parallelus slug Helicodiscus inermis slug Helicodiscus jacksoni slug
Stylommatophora - Polygyridae	Triodopsis burchi, Triodopsis vulgata, Triodopsis juxtidens Triodopsis burchi slug Triodopsis vulgata slug Triodopsis juxtidens slug
Cycloneritida - Helicinidae	Hendersonia occulta Hendersonia occulta snail
Bivalvia
Cardiida - Sphaeriidae	Pisidium dubium, Sphaerium striatinum Pisidium dubium pea clam Sphaerium striatinum fingernail clam
Insecta
Dicondylia -	Coleoptera indet. Coleoptera indet. Linnaeus 1758 beetle
Coleoptera - Elateridae	Elateridae indet. Elateridae indet. Leach 1815 click beetle
Coleoptera - Scarabaeidae	Canthon sp., Onthophagus sp., Onthophagus cf. janus Canthon sp. Hoffmannsegg 1817 scarab beetle Onthophagus sp. Latreille 1802 scarab beetle Onthophagus cf. janus Panzer 1794 scarab beetle
Coleoptera - Trogidae	Trox sp. Trox sp. Fabricius 1775 hide beetle
Coleoptera - Carabidae	Carabidae indet., Dicaelus sp., Galerita cf. bicolor Carabidae indet. Latreille 1802 ground beetle Dicaelus sp. Bonelli 1813 ground beetle Galerita cf. bicolor Drury 1770 ground beetle
Hymenoptera - Vespidae	Vespidae indet. Vespidae indet. Latreille 1802 wasp
Hemiptera - Membracidae	Membracidae indet. Membracidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 treehopper
Diptera - Calliphoridae	Calliphoridae indet. Calliphoridae indet. Brauer and von Bergenstamm 1889 blow fly Sarcophagidae indet.
Malacostraca
Decapoda - Astacidae	Cambarus cf. bartonii, Cambarus cf. longulus Cambarus cf. bartonii freshwater crayfish Cambarus cf. longulus freshwater crayfish
Actinopteri
Anguilliformes - Anguillidae	Anguilla cf. bostoniensis Anguilla cf. bostoniensis eel
Cypriniformes - Catostomidae	Catostomidae indet., Catostomus sp. Catostomidae indet. carp-like fish Catostomus sp. carp-like fish
Cypriniformes - Cyprinidae	Cyprinidae indet. Cyprinidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 carp-like fish
Siluriformes - Ictaluridae	Ictaluridae indet. Ictaluridae indet. Gill 1861 catfish
Esociformes - Esocidae	Esox cf. americanus Esox cf. americanus pike or niger
Mammalia
Lagomorpha - Leporidae	cf. Sylvilagus transitionalis, Lepus americanus cf. Sylvilagus transitionalis Bangs 1895 cottontail rabbit Lepus americanus Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare
Rodentia - Erethizontidae	Erethizon dorsatum Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine
Rodentia - Sciuridae	Marmota monax, Tamias sp., Tamias striatus, Eutamias minimus, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Sciurus cf. carolinensis, Glaucomys sabrinus, Glaucomys volans, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Marmota monax Linnaeus 1758 groundhog Tamias sp. Illinger 1811 chipmunk or Glaucomys Tamias striatus Linnaeus 1758 eastern chipmunk Eutamias minimus Bachman 1839 least chipmunk Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel Sciurus cf. carolinensis Gmelin 1788 eastern gray squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus Shaw 1801 northern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans Linnaeus 1758 southern flying squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel
Rodentia - Cricetidae	Phenacomys intermedius, Clethrionomys gapperi, Microtus chrotorrhinus, Microtus xanthognathus, Microtus pinetorum, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Ondatra zibethicus, Synaptomys cooperi, Neotoma floridana, "Synaptomys borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis, Peromyscus maniculatus, Peromyscus leucopus Phenacomys intermedius Merriam 1889 western heather vole Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors 1830 southern red-backed vole Microtus chrotorrhinus Miller 1894 rock vole Microtus xanthognathus Leach 1815 taiga vole Microtus pinetorum Le Conte 1830 woodland vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord 1815 meadow vole Ondatra zibethicus Linnaeus 1766 muskrat Synaptomys cooperi Baird 1858 southern bog lemming Neotoma floridana Ord 1818 eastern woodrat "Synaptomys borealis" = Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis Richardson 1828 northern bog lemming Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner 1843 deer mouse Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque 1818 white-footed mouse
Rodentia - Zapodidae	Napaeozapus insignis, Zapus hudsonius Napaeozapus insignis Miller 1891 woodland jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius Zimmermann 1780 meadow jumping mouse
Carnivora - Canidae	"Canis cf. dirus" = Aenocyon dirus "Canis cf. dirus" = Aenocyon dirus Leidy 1858 dire wolf
Carnivora - Mustelidae	Martes americana, "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison, "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata, Mustela nivalis, Mustela erminea Martes americana Kerr 1792 American marten "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison Schreber 1777 mink "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata Lichtenstein 1831 long-tailed weasel or erminea Mustela nivalis Linnaeus 1766 least weasel Mustela erminea Linnaeus 1758 stoat
Carnivora - Mephitidae	Mephitis mephitis Mephitis mephitis Schreber 1776 striped skunk
Carnivora - Procyonidae	Procyon lotor Procyon lotor Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
Carnivora - Ursidae	Ursus americanus Ursus americanus Pallas 1780 black bear
Artiodactyla - Cervidae	Cervus elaphus, cf. Odocoileus virginianus Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758 red deer cf. Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer
Theriamorpha - Talpidae	Scalopus aquaticus, Condylura cristata, Parascalops breweri Scalopus aquaticus Linnaeus 1758 eastern mole Condylura cristata Linnaeus 1758 star-nosed mole Parascalops breweri Bachman 1842 hairly-tailed vole
Theriamorpha - Soricidae	Sorex sp., Sorex fumeus, Sorex arcticus, Sorex cinereus, Sorex dispar, Sorex palustris, Blarina brevicauda, Microsorex hoyi Sorex sp. Linnaeus 1758 long-tailed shrew Sorex fumeus Miller 1895 smoky shrew Sorex arcticus Kerr 1792 arctic shrew Sorex cinereus Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew Sorex dispar Batchelder 1896 long-tailed shrew Sorex palustris Richardson 1828 American water shrew Blarina brevicauda Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew Microsorex hoyi Baird 1858 American pygmy shrew
Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus subflavus, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus borealis, Plecotus cf. townsendii, Myotis keenii, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis grisescens Pipistrellus subflavus Cuvier 1832 eastern pipistrelle bat Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois 1796 big brown bat Lasiurus borealis Muller 1776 hairy-tailed bat Plecotus cf. townsendii Cooper 1837 Townsend's big-eared bat Myotis keenii Merriam 1895 vesper bat Myotis lucifugus Le Conte 1831 vesper bat or sodalis Myotis grisescens Howell 1909 gray bat
Reptilia
Squamata - Scincidae	Eumeces cf. laticeps Eumeces cf. laticeps Schneider 1801 Broadhead skink
Squamata - Iguanidae	Sceloporus cf. undulatus Sceloporus cf. undulatus Bosc 1802 eastern fence lizard
Squamata - Colubridae	Colubridae indet. Colubridae indet. Oppel 1811 colubrid snake
Squamata - Crotalidae	Crotalidae indet. Crotalidae indet. Oppel 1811 pit viper
Testudines - Testudinidae	cf. Testudinidae indet. cf. Testudinidae indet. Batsch 1788 turtle
Aves
Accipitriformes - Accipitridae	Accipitridae indet., Buteo cf. platypterus, Accipiter striatus Accipitridae indet. Viellot 1816 hawk Buteo cf. platypterus Vieillot 1823 broad-winged hawk Accipiter striatus Vieillot 1897 sharp-shinned hawk
Galliformes - Odontophoridae	Colinus virginianus Colinus virginianus Linnaeus 1758 northern bobwhite
Galliformes - Galloidae	Tetraonidae indet. Tetraonidae indet. Linnaeus 1758 grouse
Galliformes - Phasianidae	Bonasa umbellus, "cf. Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis, Meleagris gallopavo, "Lagopus cf. mutus" = Lagopus muta, "cf. Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus Bonasa umbellus Linnaeus 1766 ruffed grouse "cf. Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis Linnaeus 1758 spruce grouse Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus 1758 wild turkey "Lagopus cf. mutus" = Lagopus muta Montin 1781 rock ptarmigan "cf. Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus Linnaeus 1758 sharp-tailed grouse
Charadriiformes - Scolopacidae	Scolopacidae indet., "Capella gallinago" = Gallinago gallinago, "cf. Actitis macularia" = Actitis macularius, cf. Tringa solitaria, cf. Limosa sp., "Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor Scolopacidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 snipe "Capella gallinago" = Gallinago gallinago Linnaeus 1758 common snipe "cf. Actitis macularia" = Actitis macularius Linnaeus 1766 spotted sandpiper cf. Tringa solitaria Wilson 1813 solitary sandpiper cf. Limosa sp. Brisson 1760 godwit "Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor Gmelin 1789 American woodcock
Charadriiformes - Charadriidae	Pluvialis dominica Pluvialis dominica Mueller 1776 American golden plover
Falconiformes - Falconidae	Falco sparverius Falco sparverius Linnaeus 1758 American kestrel
Pelecaniformes - Ardeidae	Botaurus lentiginosus Botaurus lentiginosus Rackett 1813 American bittern
Caprimulgiformes - Caprimulgidae	Chordeiles minor Chordeiles minor Forster 1771 common nighthawk
Caprimulgiformes - Apodidae	Chaetura pelagica Chaetura pelagica Linnaeus 1758 chimney swift
Coraciiformes - Alcedinidae	Megaceryle alcyon Megaceryle alcyon Linnaeus 1758 belted kingfisher
Piciformes - Picidae	Picidae indet., "Dendrocopos villosus" = Picoides villosus, Colaptes auratus, "cf. Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus, Dryocopus pileatus, Sphyrapicus varius Picidae indet. Vigors 1825 woodpecker "Dendrocopos villosus" = Picoides villosus Linnaeus 1766 hairy woodpecker Colaptes auratus Linnaeus 1758 northern flicker "cf. Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus Linnaeus 1758 red-bellied woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Linnaeus 1758 pileated woodpecker Sphyrapicus varius Linnaeus 1766 yellow-bellied sapsucker
Columbiformes - Columbidae	Ectopistes migratorius Ectopistes migratorius Linnaeus 1758 passenger pigeon
Cuculiformes - Cuculidae	Coccyzus sp. Coccyzus sp. Viellot 1816 cuckoo
Strigiformes - Strigidae	Bubo virginianus, Aegolius acadicus, "Otus asio" = Megascops asio, Asio cf. flammeus Bubo virginianus Gmelin 1788 great horned owl Aegolius acadicus Gmelin 1788 northern saw-whet owl "Otus asio" = Megascops asio Linnaeus 1758 eastern screech-owl Asio cf. flammeus Pontoppidan 1763 short-eared owl or otus
Gruiformes - Rallidae	Rallidae indet., Gallinula chloropus, Porzana carolina, cf. Rallus limicola Rallidae indet. Vigors 1825 rail Gallinula chloropus Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian moorhen Porzana carolina Linnaeus 1758 sora cf. Rallus limicola Vieillot 1819 Virginia rail
Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae	Podilymbus podiceps Podilymbus podiceps Linnaeus 1758 pied-billed grebe
Passeriformes - Turdidae	cf. Sialia sialis, Turdus migratorius, Catharus sp. cf. Sialia sialis Linnaeus 1758 eastern bluebird Turdus migratorius Linnaeus 1758 American robin Catharus sp. Bonaparte 1850 thrush
Passeriformes - Bombycillidae	Bombycilla cedrorum Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot 1808 cedar waxwing
Passeriformes - Troglodytidae	Cistothorus cf. platensis Cistothorus cf. platensis Latham 1790 sedge wren
Passeriformes - Cardinalidae	Piranga sp. Piranga sp. Vielillot 1808 tanager
Passeriformes - Icteridae	cf. Sturnella sp., cf. Icterus spurius, Agelaius phoeniceus, cf. Dolichonyx oryzivorus cf. Sturnella sp. Vieillot 1816 meadowlark cf. Icterus spurius Linnaeus 1766 orchard oriole Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus 1766 red-winged blackbird cf. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Linnaeus 1758 bobolink
Passeriformes - Parulidae	Parulidae indet., "cf. Dendroica coronata" = Setophaga coronata, Seiurus sp. Parulidae indet. Wetmore et al. 1947 perching bird "cf. Dendroica coronata" = Setophaga coronata Linnaeus 1766 yellow-rumped warbler Seiurus sp. Swainson 1827 ovenbird
Passeriformes - Mimidae	cf. Toxostoma rufum cf. Toxostoma rufum Linnaeus 1758 brown thrasher
Passeriformes - Paridae	Parus sp., "Parus bicolor" = Baeolophus bicolor Parus sp. Linnaeus 1758 tit "Parus bicolor" = Baeolophus bicolor Linnaeus 1766 tufted titmouse
Passeriformes - Hirundinidae	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot 1816 cliff swallow
Passeriformes - Passerellidae	Junco hyemalis, Pooecetes gramineus Junco hyemalis Linnaeus 1758 dark-eyed junco Pooecetes gramineus Gmelin 1789 vesper sparrow
Passeriformes - Corvidae	cf. Cyanocitta cristata, Perisoreus canadensis, Corvus brachyrhynchos cf. Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus 1758 blue jay Perisoreus canadensis Linnaeus 1766 Canada jay Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm 1822 American crow
Passeriformes - Tyrannidae	Empidonax sp. Empidonax sp. Cabanis 1855 flycatcher
Passeriformes - Motacillidae	cf. Anthus spinoletta cf. Anthus spinoletta Linnaeus 1758 water pipit
Passeriformes - Sittidae	Sitta cf. canadensis Sitta cf. canadensis Linnaeus 1766 red-breasted nuthatch
Passeriformes - Alaudidae	Eremophila alpestris Eremophila alpestris Linnaeus 1759 horned lark
Passeriformes - Fringillidae	Fringillidae indet., Loxia sp., cf. Pinicola enucleator Fringillidae indet. Vigors 1825 finch Loxia sp. Linnaeus 1758 crossbill cf. Pinicola enucleator Linnaeus 1758 pine grosbeak
Passeriformes - Certhiidae	Certhia familiaris Certhia familiaris Linnaeus 1758 perching bird
Anseriformes - Anatidae	Anatidae indet., "cf. Anas discors" = Spatula discors, cf. Anas crecca, Anas cf. platyrhynchos, Mergus sp., Lophodytes cucullatus Anatidae indet. Vigors 1825 waterfowl "cf. Anas discors" = Spatula discors Linnaeus 1766 blue-winged teal cf. Anas crecca Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian teal Anas cf. platyrhynchos Linnaeus 1758 mallard or rubripes Mergus sp. Linnaeus 1758 merganser Lophodytes cucullatus Linnaeus 1758 hooded merganser
Amphibia
Caudata - Urodela	"Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma, Plethodontidae indet. "Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma Tschudi 1838 mole salamander Plethodontidae indet. Gray 1850 lungless salamander or Salamandridae
Salientia - Bufonidae	Bufo sp. Bufo sp. Laurenti 1768 toad americanus group
Salientia - Ranidae	Rana cf. catesbiana, Rana cf. clamitans, Rana cf. palustris, Rana cf. sylvatica, Rana sp., Rana cf. pipiens Rana cf. catesbiana frog Rana cf. clamitans frog Rana cf. palustris frog Rana cf. sylvatica frog Rana sp. Linnaeus 1758 frog Rana cf. pipiens Schreber 1782 Northern leopard frog
Salientia - Hylidae	Hyla cf. crucifer Hyla cf. crucifer tree frog
Moxostoma
-	Moxostoma sp. Moxostoma sp. Rafinesque 1820